EMINEM: How Much Damage Can You Do With a Pen Essay -- Derogatory Lyri

EMINEM How Much Damage Can You Do With a Pen Damn how a lot damage can you do with a pen, says buffetper Eminem in his song titled, Who Knew. This song is on Eminems most recent and most controversial album, The Marshall Mathers LP. If it possible for one single quote to sum up my research paper, then this quote does it. There exists an intense and extremely controversial coterie of circumstances surrounding Eminem and his music. Eminems lyrics have been intensely criticized lately and have been categorized as hate-filled and incompatible by many gay ecesiss. The leading organization in this controversy is the Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation, more commonly referred to as GLAAD. Their primary focus is to create consciousness about Eminems inappropriate use of uncomplimentary words against homosexuals. GLAAD is protesting Eminems album as well as his four Grammy nominations. Since GLAAD is a liberal gay organization, they are limited by definition in terms of how som e(prenominal) they can participate in the complex situation that surrounds Eminems lyrics. They see words as either derogatory or not. Therefore they can not truly take part in the discussion about the constant evolution of the meanings of words, that occurs in our society. Eminem is undoubtedly the go around artist to use as an example to show the effect of artists lyrics upon society, especially upon the youths in our society.Whether or not Eminems lyrics are ugly enough to be banned is a discussion without a true answer. Therefore the major focus of my paper, the connection between music (particularly rap and Eminem) and our culture, is a subject which is greatly affected by whomevers eyes you are looking out of. The most effective way of understanding... ...e beauty of language, and its many vary applications. Rap is a style of music unlike any other. Rap is competition in its rawest and most simple form. It is based on a effect of traditions that promotes the besting of th ose who have just bested you. Doing damage is essential to excelling in rap. If you participate in rap and dont do damage then you wont be doing rap justice. If you participate in rap and dont do damage then you are not sticking to the lofty traditions rap has and you are not helping to enhance language. Most importantly, if you participate rap, or even if you dont and you voice your thoughts through another form of notional expression and you dont do damage, then you are cheating yourself. And you will never be able to honestly answer the question of, How much damage can you do with a pen? And that is a lost opportunity that no person deserves.

Movie Review Of Jerry Maguire :: essays research papers

depiction Review of Jerry MaguireIf you want to take a break from the frigid air of a Montreal winter, goto see Jerry Maguire it will be sure to warm your heart. If youre the likes of me,youre a little tired of going to see big hang stars in overly hyped, big timebusts. Combine that with the fact that sports films are seldom impressive,(Necessary Roughness?? The Program??) and I have to say that my hopes were nottoo juicy for this movie. Let me tell you, I was pleasantly surprised.The title character, played by Tom Cruise, is a sports agent at the topof his business, and at the bottom of humanity. He works for Sports ManagementInternational as a ruthless reproof procuring the largest contracts andendorsement deals he loafer muster, at the expense of personal well-being and old- make love of the game. The movie begins when one night, in a fit of passion,he has a revelation and writes a mission statement about how the business can bealtered to include humanity. His plan focuses on reducing the recite of clientsto produce higher quality relationships with them. He then distributes it to allhis colleagues before realizing what a big mistake he made. His boss fires himpromptly. Only one client out of his previous 72, Arizona Cardinals widereciever Rod Tidwell (Cuba Gooding Jr.), remains faithful. Ironically enough,his only when concern is money. Only one former colleague, Dorothy Boyd (ReneeZellweger), joins Jerry when he forms a sunrise(prenominal) company. His memo inspired her. Herfive-year-old son, Ray (Jonathan Lipnicki), develops a wide crush on Jerry andis the decision making factor in convincing Jerry to marry Dorothy on impulse later hebreaks up with his fiance, Avery (Kelly Preston). The movie tracks the trials ofhis relationship with Dorothy, and Rods ascent to stardom.Jerry is not a regular(prenominal) role for Tom Cruise. Hes accustomed to playing,and were used to seeing him in, macho, heroic typecast roles, (Mission Impossible,A Few Goo d Men, Days of Thunder etc. . .). In this movie he plays a loser, and Iwould call it his best performance yet. He really has to do some serious acting,and he renders his part brilliantly.Another huge surprise in this movie was newcomer Renee Zellweger. Partof her succcess in this movie, is root in her relative anonymity. Had hercharacter been played by a big name actress, like a Gweneth Paltrow or SaraJessica Parker, the movie wouldnt have been the same. She is perfectly suitableto the struggling, single mother role that she plays.Movie Review Of Jerry Maguire essays research papers Movie Review of Jerry MaguireIf you want to take a break from the frigid air of a Montreal winter, goto see Jerry Maguire it will be sure to warm your heart. If youre like me,youre a little tired of going to see big name stars in overly hyped, big timebusts. Combine that with the fact that sports movies are rarely impressive,(Necessary Roughness?? The Program??) and I have to say that my hopes were no ttoo high for this movie. Let me tell you, I was pleasantly surprised.The title character, played by Tom Cruise, is a sports agent at the topof his business, and at the bottom of humanity. He works for Sports ManagementInternational as a ruthless devil procuring the largest contracts andendorsement deals he can muster, at the expense of personal well-being and old-fashioned love of the game. The movie begins when one night, in a fit of passion,he has a revelation and writes a mission statement about how the business can bealtered to include humanity. His plan focuses on reducing the number of clientsto produce higher quality relationships with them. He then distributes it to allhis colleagues before realizing what a big mistake he made. His boss fires himpromptly. Only one client out of his previous 72, Arizona Cardinals widereciever Rod Tidwell (Cuba Gooding Jr.), remains faithful. Ironically enough,his only concern is money. Only one former colleague, Dorothy Boyd (ReneeZellweger) , joins Jerry when he forms a new company. His memo inspired her. Herfive-year-old son, Ray (Jonathan Lipnicki), develops a huge crush on Jerry andis the deciding factor in convincing Jerry to marry Dorothy on impulse after hebreaks up with his fiance, Avery (Kelly Preston). The movie tracks the trials ofhis relationship with Dorothy, and Rods ascent to stardom.Jerry is not a typical role for Tom Cruise. Hes accustomed to playing,and were used to seeing him in, macho, heroic type roles, (Mission Impossible,A Few Good Men, Days of Thunder etc. . .). In this movie he plays a loser, and Iwould call it his best performance yet. He really has to do some serious acting,and he renders his part brilliantly.Another huge surprise in this movie was newcomer Renee Zellweger. Partof her succcess in this movie, is rooted in her relative anonymity. Had hercharacter been played by a big name actress, like a Gweneth Paltrow or SaraJessica Parker, the movie wouldnt have been the same. She is perfectl y suitedto the struggling, single mother role that she plays.

Oedipus the King - The Character Transformations of Oedipus Essay

Oedipus the King - The Character Transformations of Oedipus Through the character of Oedipus, Sophocles shows the consequences of defying the divine order. Oedipus served Thebes as a great ruler, loved by his subjects but, like most in the human race, he slipped through the cracks of perfection. Oedipus had many faults, but it was primarily the tragic flaw of hubris, arrogance from excessive pride, which doomed his existence, careless(predicate) of the character attributes that made him such a beloved king. He was doomed for downfall since his very beginning, because to flee your urgency is to rush to find it (Oedipus Rex). Oedipus, throughout this work, seems more than than a merely passive player lost in the hands of fate. He makes critical errors in judgment that set the events of the story into action. His pride and arrogance, blindness and ignorance, as well as foolishness and quick temper all play a part in the tragedy that befalls him. Oedipuss pride sets it all off-key when a drunken man tells him that his father is not who he thinks, his pride is so wounded that he will not let the subject rest, at long last going to the oracle of Apollo at Delphi to find the truth. A less proud man may have not needed to visit the oracle, giving him no reason to leave Corinth in the first place (Segal, 121). It is impossible to speculate what may have happened to Oedipus had he stayed in Corinth, but it is the attempt to avoid his fate that dooms him not only to fulfill the prophesy, but to suffer yet greater consequences (Segal, 122). I heard all that and ran. I abandoned Corinth, from that day on I gauged its landfall only by the stars, running, always running toward some place where I would never see the shame of ... ...rs were bold and daring, known for their intelligence and heroism. But they were similarly known for their arrogance and their risk it all attitudes. On one hand, they saw themselves as protectors of the city, while at the same time they were unable to defend themselves as individuals (Oedipus the King). Works Cited Bloom, Harold, ed. Sophocles. Philadelphia Chelsea House Publishers, 2003. 54-57. Oedipus Rex. 25 February 2003. http//www.classicnote.com/ClassicNotes/Titles/oedipus/summ2.html. Oedipus the King. 26 February 2003. http//www.novelguide.com/oedipustheking/themeanalysis/html. Segal, Charles. Tragedy and Civilization an interpretation of Sophocles. Norman University of Oklahoma Press, c.1999. 121-122. Sophocles. Oedipus the King. Norton Anthology World Masterpieces. Ed. Sarah Lawall. New York Norton, 1984. 599-639.

Legal Provisions Concerned with Business Units :: Business Management Companies Essays

Legal Provisions Concerned with Business UnitsOur client is in the process of forming a telephoner. She wishes to avoid personal liability upon any contracts she mayenter into on behalf of the proposed company. Our job is to design a report to explain the effective provisionsconcerned with the formation, management and dissolution of channelunits. The report will identify the relevant legal principles, which caninfluence the choice of business unit. inform the differences in theregulatory approach adopted for partnerships and registered companiesand describe the procedures for the dissolution of business units.At the end of the report we will advise our client what type ofcompany would be best suited to her needs. thither will also be apresentation to go with the report highlighting the main points.2.TYPES OF COMPANYThere are many different types of business unit. Each is formed by agroup of people with a super C aim. Britain has what is known as amixed economy where goods and s ervices are supplied by both privateand public sphere of influence organisations, as shown in the following diagramPrivate openingSole Trader Partnerships Limited Companies Co-operativesPrivate Public Retail ProducerPublic EnterprisePublic corporations Government Departments Local AuthoritiesThe private sector/enterprise is the term used to describe allbusinesses which are owned by individuals or groups of individuals andrun essentially for profit. About half of all transaction in Britain iscontrolled by private sector organisations. The other half known asthe public sector/enterprise are businesses which are owned andcontrolled by the government or Local Authorities and run for thebenefit of the country. The sector this report is concerned with isthe Private Sector.2.1 SOLE TRADERThis is the oldest, simplest and therefore most common form ofbusiness unit. A sole trader is one who conducts their business bythemselves either using their own name or a business name. This issomebody who is self-employed and who usually starts a business withcapital from their savings or by borrowing from friends or a bank. Capital is the money which every business needs to enable it to set upand operate, for example to buy premises, equipment, stock and paywages. The main advantage is that you can be flexible. You dontneed to discuss with others (e.g. partners and directors) how you aregoing to run the business. You also have less paperwork. A soletrader is not necessarily a one-woman(prenominal) business and may have manyemployees or branches. However, the business is owned by one personand it is they who receive the profits.ADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES- Business affairs can be kept private except for completing tax

The Balzac and the Little Chinese Seamstress Essays -- Dai Sijie

Balzac and the Little Chinese seamstress is a marvelous novel, written by Dai Sijie, which himself was re-educated mingled with 1971 and 1974 during the Chinese Cultural Revolution. In Dai Sijies Balzac and the Little Seamstress three separate accounts are given of an incident in which Luo and the Little Seamstress pay off love in an isolated mountain pool. Two of these perspectives are given by the participants while the third is provided by the old miller who observes their love qualification from a distance. Of all the accounts, I found the count of this incident of Little Seamstress most likeable as she is qualified to present at an grotesque description of this setting and allow the readers to understand her thoughts and emotional stateings. In contrast the account of the Old Miller is more detached and is more focused about the personal beauty of the Little Seamstress, while Luos story to me is more focused on his own concerns and is desire to escape the remote mountai n village which he has been sent.The Old Millers perspective conveys the sense that he is both transfixed by what he sees, but he feel shamed for being unable to take his eyes off the lovers. Their acrobatic movements in the water make him feel his age in the fact that he realizes he corporation never again enjoy such pleasures. What he focuses on is their nudity and their coupling. This is captured in the image of their bodies entwined, whirling round and round in the water. Feeling root to the spot he notices the limpid water glittering in the sun exaggerated and distorted their obscene movements. The millers account makes the reader feel like a voyeur and imagine the old man with his face reddened. He is overcome by the beauty of the Little Seamstress her naked paunch and un... ...h an injury on the Little Seamstresss finger. A turning point comes up when they get back to the village and finds out that his mothers been rushed to the hospital, which than he has to visit her f or a month.Out of the three stories told by Luo, the Old Miller and the Chinese Seamstress, I find the Little Chinese Seamstresss story more appealing than others. From my view, it shows a variety of meanings because overall, the Little Seamstress was not educated, but from this story I could tell that she gained knowledge and was able to use what she was capable of doing and you would not expect to gain feedback from a woman who just had relationship with a man. Luos story is also very appealing but it shows only concerns for himself and is own feelings. Whereas the Chinese Seamstress was more appealing and showed improvement of her ability to think independently.

The Balzac and the Little Chinese Seamstress Essays -- Dai Sijie

Balzac and the Little Chinese sempstress is a marvelous novel, written by Dai Sijie, which himself was re-educated between 1971 and 1974 during the Chinese Cultural Revolution. In Dai Sijies Balzac and the Little Seamstress three separate accounts are given of an incident in which Luo and the Little Seamstress make beloved in an isolated mountain pool. Two of these perspectives are given by the participants while the third is provided by the old miller who observes their love making from a distance. Of all the accounts, I found the count of this incident of Little Seamstress most appealing as she is able to present at an imaginative description of this setting and allow the refs to understand her thoughts and feelings. In contrast the account of the Old Miller is more detached and is more focused virtually the physical beauty of the Little Seamstress, while Luos story to me is more focused on his own concerns and is desire to escape the remote mountain liquidation which he has b een sent.The Old Millers perspective conveys the sense that he is both transfixed by what he sees, but he feel guilty for being unable to take his eyes off the lovers. Their acrobatic movements in the water make him feel his age in the fact that he realizes he can never again enjoy such pleasures. What he focuses on is their nudity and their coupling. This is captured in the image of their bodies entwined, whirling round and round in the water. touch rooted to the spot he notices the limpid water glittering in the sun exaggerated and distorted their obscene movements. The millers account makes the reader feel like a voyeur and imagine the old man with his face reddened. He is overcome by the beauty of the Little Seamstress her rude(a) belly and un... ...h an injury on the Little Seamstresss finger. A turning point comes up when they get back to the village and finds out that his fathers been rushed to the hospital, which than he has to visit her for a month.Out of the three st ories told by Luo, the Old Miller and the Chinese Seamstress, I find the Little Chinese Seamstresss story more appealing than others. From my view, it shows a variety of meanings because overall, the Little Seamstress was not educated, but from this story I could tell that she gained acquaintance and was able to use what she was capable of doing and you would not expect to gain feedback from a woman who just had relationship with a man. Luos story is also real appealing but it shows only concerns for himself and is own feelings. Whereas the Chinese Seamstress was more appealing and showed improvement of her ability to think independently.

MAR project team Essay

StrengthIntegrated Health consists a number of hospitals.Has an internal technology department MIS.Has a freehanded number of staff foil project team is well rounded with technology.The institutions of Integrated Health are well known by the people in Tempe, Arizona. A non-profit organization, which means each the earned money minus the salary and daily operational costs of the institution, can be used for development.WeaknessesUtilizes manual processing of information.Low investment on automation.Chief Information Officer doesnt have technical background. Some Directors doesnt support automation and would rather have the traditional process. A large number of staff doesnt agree with the change.Due to manual filings, specialists reported that patients endorsed to them doesnt have files 30% of the time.Doesnt have a change focusing process.MIS Staff are underestimated and their relevance is non clear to the whole organizationOpportunitiesLower of costs by investing on computerizi ng MAR.Can attract renderships with indemnity companies as they are becoming a trend. By investing in computerized MAR, less information would be missing or incorrect If medical tests would not be repeated unnecessarily, then operational costs can be lessen. Computer management of patient medication profiles offers the opportunity to enhance communication in the midst of pharmacists and nurses decrease medication errors and delays in delivery of therapy. enhance medication delivery accuracy and timelinessThreatsIf the computerized MAR is not implemented,insurance companies would not want to partner with Integrated Health.Increasing incorrect medical profiles of patients.If the computerized MAR is implemented,There will be dependence on its automation in the future and when it fails, operations will stop.Cost for further upgrades to fix bugs and improve services will be considered.

On Arabian Culture Essay

The literature on societal diverseness and cleavages in Arab society and the midsection East as a whole suffers from several(prenominal) fallacies, two of which are most pertinent here. One is the tendency, particularly among Orientalists, to speak both of the photomosaic nature of Arab society and of the existence of a unified mentality, or one Arab mind, without any awareness of the contradiction between these two abstractions. The new(prenominal) is the emphasis either on communal cleavages or on programme conflicts, with the forget that one becomes explanatory while the other is ignored.The interplay and coincidence of these two cleavages are rarely examined in their historical and social contexts. How can an individual define the diversity of Arab society? The diversity that characterizes Arab society needs to be analyzed within a three-dimensional frame execute (a) a homogeneity-heterogeneity continuum (b) the processes of conflict-accommodation-assimilation and (c) socia l class cleavages.The continuum that covers the range from a completely homogeneous society to one of great heterogeneity encompasses a complex system of vertical loyalties and communal differentiations (ethnic, linguistic, sectarian, tribal, local, regional, and the like) that coincides as well as conflicts with social class cleavages. Arab society has historically been highly heterogeneous. Certainly, one may argue that there has recently been a resurgence of communal loyalties and mobilization, confirming the mosaic and segmentary structures of society.What cannot be granted is the static conception of these loyalties and cleavage as permanent, unchanging forms of differentiation. What is Arab society in general? The characterization of Arab society as heterogeneous, however, needs to be go with by an explicit clarification that not all Arab countries are similar in this respect. In fact, they differ widely in regard to their positions on the homogeneity-heterogeneity continuum .Compared to other Arab countries, Egypt and Tunisia, for instance, may be described as alternatively homogeneous as far as communal cleavages are concerned. These two countries tend to have less ethnic, religious, and tribal differences (and, hence, conflicts) than other Arab societies, and are characterized more by social complexity and social class cleavages. A second group of Arab countries, such as Lebanon and Sudan, absorb a position close to the opposite end of the continuum, each being more of a mosaic in structure and social composition.A terce set, such as Syria, Algeria, Arabia, and Morocco, tend to occupy positions more in the middle of the continuum. Conventional Western literature on Arab and other Middle Eastern societies has persistently avoided any serious discussion of social class structure. Instead, it has conceived of Arab societies simply as a mosaic. At the margin of this mainstream discourse, however, there has been some occasional speculation on problems of social stratification. Whenever a discussion of this nature has taken place, it has evolved into a heated exchange.One point of view reaffirms the conclusions of the mosaic model and questions the rele new wavece of class analysis. For instance, C. A. O. van Niewenhuijze and James Bill, in separate works, dismiss class analysis in economic terms and instead use Weberian concepts of status and power. Similarly, Iliya Harik has more recently discharged the thesis put forward by some writers that the Lebanese civil war is actually a class struggle and expressed his belief that class distinctions in Lebanon are too obscure to sustain the class struggle argument.Bryan S. Turner, by contrast, has pointed out that anyone who wants to develop a Marxist analysis of normality Africa and the Middle East must start with a critique of the mosaic theory and all its related assumptions. Such a critique, he explains, is required because mosaic analysts believe that traditional Middle Eastern societies were not class dominated and that in the modern Middle East social class is only in the process of emerging alongside other forms of social stratification. Nicholas S.Hopkins has applied ideas of class derived from the Marxist tradition to changes in the social structure of an agricultural township in Tunisia, concluding that essential changes in the mechanization of agriculture and in the improvement of communications led to a shift in the organization of work away from a pattern based on mobilization of cut into within the household or the extended kindred . . . and toward a pattern of labor determined by wage labor. Consequently, this Tunisian agricultural town has shifted from a society in which rank was based on vertical rather than on horizontal links to one based on class.Hopkins argues further that not only is there class in the objective sense, there is also class awareness, at least in embryonic, symbolic form. My own view is that the persistence of communal c leavages complicates rather than nullifies social class consciousness and struggle. This persistence of communal cleavages and vertical loyalties in some Arab countries is owing to the perpetuation of traditional systems in which communities are linked to their local zaims (traditional leaders) through patron-client relationships.To the extent that inferential change can be introduced in these areas, such traditional systems will give way, increasingly, to other social and class relationships.ReferenceGutas, D. (1998). Greek Thought, Arab Culture The Graeco-Arabic exposition Movement in Baghdad and Early Abbasid Society (2nd-4th & 8th-10th C. ) Routledge. Rejwan, N. (1998). Arabs Face the Modern World Religious, Cultural, and Political Responses to the West Gainesville University Press of Florida. Szarmach, P. E. (1979). Aspects of Jewish Culture in the Middle Ages Albany State University of New York Press

Health Care †General Health Care Essay

S.W.O.T. (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) . For this assignment, you will apply the S.W.O.T. Situational Planning Strategy introduced in Chapter 5 of your course text, based upon the pursualSituation You are the C.E.O. of Community South medical decoct, a large, urban for-profit healthcare facility. This institution has comprehensive health services including acute care, residential care, self-supporting living, in-home nursing, hospice, neonatal, and pediatric services, advanced cardiac services, a major(ip) trauma center, a center of excellence for pulmonary services, and a neurosurgery center.Community South Medical touch has a positive bottom line and is attempt to enhance health services for the population it serves. The patient care mix has shifted in the last triplet years and its reimbursement source is currently 25% Medicaid (up 20%) 35% Medicare (down 12 %) 25% employer sponsored health insurance (unchanged), 8% managed care (down 20 percent), 4% esote ric pay (unchanged) and 4% no-pay (up 25%).The Medical gist is in an older urban area. Businesses with well paying jobs have gradually been replaced by smaller shops and different small businesses. Overall, the community is trending towards a predominantly venerable population.The Medical Center has an excellent reputation and has been recognized in the past by receiving a Baldrige Center of Excellence evaluation and a The Joint counsel (T.J.C.) approval for their quality of services however, recent self-inspections indicated a slight decline in compliance with T.J.C. standards. patient of satisfaction survey results have an overall ungenerous of 95 percent. The medical staff strongly supports new program development and there is an abundant suFor downloading more than course tutorials visit https//bitly.com/12Cfjo7Always pay off your credit card every single month so you dont carry a balance. If you carry a balance, the interest and late fees add up quickly. If paying off y our balance is too difficult, keep a credit card to physical exercise in emergencies only. Dont use it to go to the movies, bar or a restaurant. Financial worries can undermine your studies. wellness Care General Health CareS.W.O.T. (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) . For this assignment, you will apply the S.W.O.T. Situational Planning Strategy introduced in Chapter 5 of your course text, based upon the followingSituation You are the C.E.O. of Community South Medical Center, a large, urban for-profit healthcare facility. This institution has comprehensive health services including acute care, residential care, independent living, in-home nursing, hospice, neonatal, and pediatric services, advanced cardiac services, a major trauma center, a center of excellence for pulmonary services, and a neurosurgery center.Community South Medical Center has a positive bottom line and is striving to enhance health services for the population it serves. The patient care mix has shi fted in the last three years and its reimbursement source is currently 25% Medicaid (up 20%) 35% Medicare (down 12 %) 25% employer sponsored health insurance (unchanged), 8% managed care (down 20 percent), 4% private pay (unchanged) and 4% no-pay (up 25%).The Medical Center is in an older urban area. Businesses with well paying jobs have gradually been replaced by smaller shops and other small businesses. Overall, the community is trending towards a predominantly elderly population.The Medical Center has an excellent reputation and has been recognized in the past by receiving a Baldrige Center of Excellence evaluation and a The Joint Commission (T.J.C.) approval for their quality of services however,recent self-inspections indicated a slight decline in compliance with T.J.C. standards. Patient satisfaction survey results have an overall mean of 95 percent. The medical staff strongly supports new program development and there is an abundant supply of physicians.

Outline Paper Essay

1. Superheroes in modern culture -From Superman, created in 1938, Batman in 1939 and Wonder Woman, conceptualized in 1941, superheroes slang been created with nearly characteristics imaginable and that perform and regularly reflect the ideologies of society. Kids expression up to these heroes they comport this dream to be this character and the mentality that they have or deprivation to have the powers of theses heroes, these kids want to be looked up to and hono going for what they have d single. They want to have pride and be loved. A. These superheroes are admired for their fig outs, dramatic story, their villains and the powerful characteristics. They like to see the fights and bringing judge to the crime. These heroes have a stereotype that they are beyond human and essentially perfect. They are considered unstoppable. (study mode)1. They viewers(fans) of these superheroes and their media, want to be just like them, in the sense of preparation up and role playing with t heir friends the different scenes in the movies. They admire the physical characteristics(muscles/abilities) and their determination and loyalty 2. There is often this misconception that heroes are only concerned with the display and glory, but a lot of writer make an effort create a back story to emphasize to children that it could happen to them (to relate).(study mode)B. Images of physically superior beings with control with weaknesses, and strong personalities have permeated our culture and have people trying to shape themselves to be like the superheroes them so admired. A hero is someone who rises above his or her fears and limitations to achieve something extraordinary a hero embodies what we believe is best in ourselves(study mode) A superhero must, by definition, be virtually ageless and immortal, capable of rising from the code til now after being killed. Superheroes are forever static.(couch)C. American superheroes (background) SPIDERMAN- Kids were sick of reading ab out kids, they wanted to read about what they would soon become, a teenager. So in the 60s, spider-man was introduced with an engaging storyabout a regular teen who became a hero after getting bit by a spider.(couch)2. Super heroes in different countries- Heroes in different cultures and parts of the world are based around their life and ethnicity. A. Isreal sabraman- a former police ships officer that was given the abilities of no early(a) by the superagency of is real. He is a former holocaust survivor and fought in many wars.He could shoot radioactive rays from his eyes, could drop across the ocean in a split second, could bend anything and could teleport. His enemy is Dr Mengle. (World) B. Japan- Astro boy-half human half robot that was made a man that lost his son. He fights crime and injustice. This hero 8s very popular in the US as well, there are movies and comics about Astro boy in America. This just shows how link superheroes and other countries truly are. It gives us a n understanding of how they all have the homogeneous traits and similar stories.C. Europe- Marvel man-(in US)Sherlock Holmes (in US) James Bond (in US) All have cool apparel and fights evil. Robin Hood.D. American heroes are popular for their super abilities, like flying and strength Asian heroes have different powers, like messing with people souls or battles with cabbage and rain. They use natural abilities or battle thing that is actually happening in that time3. SimilaritiesWhether theyre super-powered aliens, lone vigilantes, or teenage sidekicks, all superheroes section certain characteristics in common, some sort of strength of character, some system of positive values, and a determination to, no matter what, protect those values the superhero-more than even the ordinary fictional hero-has to represent the values of the society that produces him. (couch)El Santo(Mexican)- strength-Rodolfo Huerta- fights supernatural creatures and scientists that are evil-has a mask cape and leggings.(Mr. Incredible) Europe-Gundala-(secret identity- Sancaka) shoot lightening and super speed- fights crime- spandex, red boots and gloves, winged ears-(flash or wolverine) Robin hood and Samson are popular all over the world. They are all connected in some style and all heroes are base and have come from ideas from the other characters. All over the world heroes have alike or identical heroes and heroic traits. We testament often see heroes from different shows in American shows, working with (fighting crime) American heroes. Japanese Spiderman Turkish superman. (Indian superman)(World)D. In America we have captain America, this superhero confides to our culture, by the costume and symbols (countries) there are many ways these heroes are alike. They all have heroes that represent their culture. Through their costumes and names.(countries)3. Canada-major maple leaf(sign do Canada)/ Saudi Arabia-Arabian knight/England-captain Britain/ Ireland-Shamrock/Tasmania-Tasmanian devil(we have that in America) countries) E. victor Britain=captain America We see the Tasmanian devil in American culture as well. They all share ideas and represent their culture and symbols the very(prenominal) way. By their costumes, names and the way they serve their community from evil/crime.(countries) Britains superheroes are so similar that they were made form American superheroes.(Britain) F. Asia has characters based on x-men and Spiderman(Asian)G. Asian heroes have different names but are made from American names and have abilities like American superheroes. Karate kid- in AmericaJapenese Spiderman- Spiderman. Cassandra Cain batgirl-batgirl H. They all have one motive- to do well in the community, no matter in what way or how they do it they want to protect people and the bitterness of mankind. (asian) I. Some heroes are even shared , some with different names and some with the same.(Britain) 4. Example of exact same heroes-x-men and the super hero squad. A lot have th e same characteristics and have the same mentality.a. They a lot of heroes in different places of the world have made movies with each others heroes to introduce they different ethnicities( they want to make kids familiar with different countries and their culture)(world) J. Just like American heroes they all have back stories of where they come from and why they fight the crime they do and who they protect.(Britain) 1.Kids look up to these heroes they have this dream to be this character and the mentality that they have or want to have the powers of theses heroes, these kids want to be looked up to and honored for what they have done. They want to have pride and be loved.(Superman)4. Some heroes are different based on ethnicity by their costumes, names and their plot around them, but they have the same abilities and objectives. b. Heroes in different cultures and parts of the world are based around their life and ethnicity.(couch) c. all heroes across the globe all have the same dr ive, all have the same objectives to fight crime and win the nations hearts(superman couch) d. Explains how no matter where in the world they have the same body types(fit, stringy and tall) u will usually never see a short stubby hero.(maybe villain) (Britain)

The Main Purposes Of Budgeting Accounting Essay

As Bhimevery et Al. stated in 2008 A cipher is a quantitative look of proposed program of motionion mechanism by direction for a future clip period and is an assistance to the coordination and execution of the program. It corporation cover both financial and non-financial facets of these programs and acts as a blue-print for the high society to follow in the extroverted period .The budgeting system is a conventional manner of managing and directing companies. Fiscal sections office the budgeting method to program and form them confederation s concern activities in the undermentioned class of their company. Budget is a criterion with which the material informations buns be comp ard. ( Joshi et al. , 2003 )Some of the primary intents of the budget are to actuate employees, tout ensembleocate resourcefulnesss and organize operations within an brass. Budgeting is aimed to ease responsibility distribution and is use to saloon public intro ( Libby & A Lindsay, 2003 ) .Particularly to twenty-four hours, because of the fiscal crisis that Greece and many different European states are traveling through, concerns runing in those states need to experience secured and protected. This is where budget gets involved in order to inform the direction of the company on what will be the disbursals for the approaching twelvemonth.Main Purposes of BudgetingCompanies utilize budget at its really first old ages of being as a control map out scarcely ( Libby & A Lindsay, 2003 ) , but today there are several aims and intents of the budget and the intents differ from company to company. Drury ( 2004 ) references that the chief intents of budgeting arePlaningCompanies must cognize that they act in the best manner in order to accomplish their ends and marks. This is where budget is coming to be afterward the future activities of the organisation.Planing budget is used to be after gross revenues, fiscal issues, purchase of stuff, and so on Through planning, a co mpany can be cognizant of how many resorts are needed, giving the possibility to be after influxs and escapes of liquidness.The directors, who set a budget, must be cognizant of any future alterations or jobs that may happen. This gives the privilege to take proceedings in order to countermand that job before it strikes the company ( Granof & A Khumawala, 2010 ) .CoordinationAll units within an organisation are, much or less, dependant on each other. By utilizing a budget the units down to collaborate and compromise when it concerns limited resources.Every unit has their ain budget and when these budgets are compiled, defects and inaccuracies are revealed. The budgets can be a manner to bear out coordination and cooperation jobs.The budget is meant to do it possible to see the organisation as a whole and seek to work out struggles. If sections have different ways of devising things, the budget crops the sections via media and work together, in order to do the budget for t he whole organisation complete.To cut down the hazard of overcapacity within the company it is of import to mark the organisation. By comparing budgets from sections they contribute to organize the size of production.CommunicationBudgets contribute to not bad(predicate) communicating through the exchange of information that takes topographic point during the budgetary subprogram.The budget procedure enables employees to pass on and portion their thoughts with other workers within the organisation. Through treatments, employees can portion their sentiments and thoughts with each other.For directors, the budget can be used to pass on and explicate schemes and ends within the company to the employees. Further more than it connects sections and gives insight and understanding for each other.Resource allotmentBudgets are aimed to ease resource allotment within companies, secure that the resources are being used efficaciously and that the right change over union is distributed to th e sections, which is important.Unit of tonements in the organisation acquire different precedences. By administering resources to units, resource allotment could be seen as a control tool. However, this kind of direction requires that the directors take an active portion in the budgetary procedure.They need to be good informed about the factual inquiries and have all refering facts and inside informations.Performance ratingThe budget maps as a control system for public presentation rating. By puting budget marks the accountable are held responsible for making the aims. Through a follow up of the budget, which means when the budget is being compared with the real result, directors can be evaluated.When followups are made it is possible to detect fluctuations from program. Concentrating and seting attempt into divergences from program is called direction by exclusion . By look intoing the grounds to wherefore the fluctuations occur, actions can be taken. When budgets are made for shorter periods than a twelvemonth, it can be valuable to do follow-ups all month and this enables alterations if the existent results vary from program.Therefore, this requires that the original budgets are distributed right over the twelvemonth and that directors have made an attempt to do budgets each bit realistic as possible for every month. Analyzing the budget every twelvemonth and examine if there are any big fluctuations can ease to more useable budgets in the hereafter.Responsibility distributionBudgets are a great deal used for distribution of duty. A survey proved that utilizing a budget for administering answerability is more of import than utilizing it as a control tool.During the budget procedure, duty is assigned to employees and it is critical that the directors clarify what is expected from the employees. A followup is being made to vouch that the managers/employees have lived up to their committedness. It is a common committedness betwixt the company and the accountable.The company contributes with the resources needed and the accountable are responsible for making what they said they would make. Further, the budget is a tool to do directors responsible for their actions and to work in the best involvement of the organisation.Establishing aimsIn organisations the budget is used for puting marks for directors. It is common that directors receive a fillip if they are able to lodge to the budget and make the ends. The aims indicate what is of import in the organisation and what it is seeking to accomplish. Different marks for each unit within the organisation are aimed to demo what is expected of them.The aims for the organisation are being divided into ends for every section. When puting a budget for a decentralised organisation it is a requirement that the chief budget is divided into budgets for every unit. Drury ( 2004 ) states that there are three different sorts of marks for an organisation mission, corporate aims and unit aims.The mission of an organisation is the ground to why the company exists it describes in frequent footings, which the clients are, and what the construct of the company is. Corporate aims are specific ends for an organisation and the board of managers frequently set up them, e.g. return on equity, market portion etc.Unit of measurement aims are the ends for the units in the company. While corporate aims are seen as ends for the organisation as a whole, unit aims are made for different parts of the organisation.MotivationBudgets are used as a motive tool. When employees are involved in the budget and mark setting-process, they are frequently more motivated to seek to accomplish the ends. By puting clear and defined marks found on the budget, employees understand what is expected of them and can therefore experience more motivated. Though, this requires that marks are set on an appropriate degree and that they are disputing but realistic. Meanwhile, if the marks are excessively hard to accomplish they could alternatively be de-motivating.The chief intents stated above are complemented with two intents by Ax et Al ( 2009 ) AwarenessThe budget creates awareness about the organisations ends and to do workers understand the banging image . Forces can understand how their work is lending to the organisation as a whole alternatively of merely seeing their ain unit ( Ax et al, 2009 ) .IncitationNormally, organisations use the budget as an incitation for the employees. The budget becomes a benchmark for what is a sufficient degree to make. By comparing the budget with the existent result, a wages for the accountable can be made ( Ax et al, 2009 ) .Budgeting is a time-consuming and dearly-won occupation. The development of a budget includes many clamant stairss before the budget is eventually approved. As an illustration, participative budgeting ( which is supposed to be a better theoretical account ) involves directors at all degrees ( and sometimes all of the employe es ) development their ain initial estimations for gross revenues, costs, etc. This procedure requires tonss of dialogues between directors at different degrees until a budget evolves which is acceptable to all degrees ( Langfield-Smith, Thorne & A Hilton, 2006 ) .Bartrum ( 2006 ) cites the Hackett Group s research to show that even the most efficient companies take 79 yearss to be after their budgets, while the worst take 210 yearss to finish the whole procedure.The hybridization Motor Company has calculated that they spent $ 1.2 billion yearly for budgeting ( BBRT, 2006 ) . This is because it involves many people in the organisation and absorbs up to 20-30 per centum of top executives and fiscal directors clip.Stairss in altering a budgetHarmonizing to Bragg ( Bragg, 2011 ) these are the stairss that should be done in order to fix an efficient budget modify budget premises. Review andA conveying the premises which were used in the latest budgeting theoretical account to day of the month.Reappraisal constrictions. check off what is restraining the company from bring forthing farther gross revenues, and explicate how this will act upon any auxiliary company gross growing.Available support. Determine the most expected sum of support that will be available during the budget period.Measure bing points. Determine whether any measure costs will be sustained during the likely scope of concern activity in the approaching budget period, and specify the sum of these costs and at what activity degrees they will be incurred.Create budget bundle. Copy forward the basic budgeting instructions from the direction package used in the old twelvemonth. Update it by including the year-to-date existent disbursals incurred in the current twelvemonth, and besides annualize this information for the full current twelvemonth. Add a commentary to the package, saying measure bing information, constrictions, and expected support restrictions for the upcoming budget twelvemonth.Iss ue budget bundle. Publish the budget bundle separately, where possible, and reply any inquiries from receivers. Besides province the due day of the month for the first bill of exchange of the budget bundle.Obtain gross prognosis. Obtain the gross prognosis from the gross revenues director, formalize it with the CEO, and so administer it to the other section directors. They use the gross information as the footing for developing their ain budgets.Obtain section budgets. Obtain the budgets from all sections, cheque for mistakes, and comparison to the constriction, support, and measure bing restraints. Adjust the budgets as necessary.Obtain capital budget petitions. Validate all capital budget petitions and send on them to the senior direction squad with remarks and recommendations.Update the budget theoretical account. Input all budget information into the maestro budget theoretical account.Review the budget. Meet with the senior direction squad to look back the budget. Highlight poss ible restraint issues, and any restrictions caused by funding restrictions. Note all remarks made by the direction squad, and frontward this information back to the budget conceivers, with petitions to modify their budgets.Process budget loops. Track outstanding budget alteration petitions, and update the budget theoretical account with new loops as they arrive.Publish the budget. take up a bound version of the budget and administer it to all authorized receivers.Load the budget. Load the budget information into the fiscal package, so that you can bring forth budget versus existent studies.Budget ArgumentsHope and Fraser ( 1997 ) argue that with the large alterations in the concern universe, rational assets accounting for 80-90 % of market capitalisation. While many companies recognize that the underlying inception of future hard currency flows progressively comes from the effectual direction of rational assets, it is beyond the capableness of budgets to properly taradiddle for t hese rational assets.In other words, merely 10-20 % of a company s value can be analyzed by its budget. Banks in Scandinavia utilizing budgets have an mean 70 % of cost/income ratio. In contrast, Svenska Handelsbanken, which does non use budgeting, has a 45 % cost/income ratio ( Hope & A Fraser, 1997 ) .This shows that budgets add small or no value to stockholders assets. Budgets are stiff, restricted and fixed to unreal period. The budget period can be excessively long to accommodate today s dynamic and rapidly altering market conversely, the financial twelvemonth may be a excessively short-run skyline for planning and maneuvering some major activities of today s companies, like R & A D, trade name development or turning concern relationships between spouses and possible clients. So budgets can curtail or impede concern and organisational development in the long tally while adding small, if any, value to the concern.How make budget enhances control?Owing to the inauspicious ef fects of go againsting budgetary authorizations, both authoritiess and nonprofit organizations can construct precautions into their accounting systems that help guarantee budgetary conformity. These include fixing journal entries both to enter the bud- get and to give acknowledgment to goods and services that have been ordered but non yet received. We begin the treatment by depicting the basic books of history maintained by authoritiess and nonprofit organizations and demoing how they accommodate these precautions.The basic books of history of both authoritiess and nonprofit organizations correspond to those of concerns. They consist, either in manual or electronic signifier, ofDiaries, in which journal entries are recorded. Most minutess are entered ab initio in a particular diary, such as a belongings revenue enhancement hard currency grosss diary, a parking mulcts hard currency grosss diary, a purchases diary, or a hard currency expenses diary. Both no everyday minutess and hist ory sums from particular diaries are recorded in a general diary.Ledgers, in which all balance sheet and operating histories are maintained. The general leger consists of control histories that summarize the balances of the elaborate subject histories that are maintained in subordinate legers.Key stages of budget rhythmBudgeting patterns in neither authoritiess nor nonprofit organizations are standardized they differ from entity to entity. However, irrespective of whether the budget is of object categorization or public presentation type, in most organisations budgeting is a uninterrupted, four-phase procedurePreparationa?Legislative acceptance and executive blessingExecutionReporting and scrutinizingBudgetary ControlThe budgetary control provincesThe designation of controlled and non-controlled pointsOn the issue of the pecking order of controlThe effectivity and impact of controlThe importance of divergences and bounds of controlThe positive and negative facets of Budgeting Con trolControlled and non-controlled pointsThe budgetary control requiresThe separation of disbursement controlled ( moldable ) and uncontrolled ( inelastic ) costs.The separation of concern centres or countries of duty.Should endeavour to increase the governable costs, otherwise we will stop up in bureaucratic disposal, which is yonder from the centres of outgo and hence non cognizant of the existent demands.Hierarchy Of ControlChiefly, the content of feedback at different degrees of authorities. The information about the consequence of the modulated harmonizing to the degree of duty and authorization in which the auditee is under budget.Each officer is informed of the result of its country of aaresponsibility and the lower. The separate and elaborate information moves from the lower to the upper degrees of authorities progressively centralized and ensures the undertaking rating in upper and cardinal authorities on the province of the concern.Effectiveness Of ControlThe effectivity of control depends chieflyThe acceptableness of the budget of those who would hold to implement.The grade of power in relation to the duty assigned to each degree of the hierarchy.The duty must travel hand in manus with duties.Easy flow and completeness of information. The budgetary control is simple, apprehensible, and paperss the findings.Signifocance Of GapsA divergence is important when taking the disposal to take disciplinary steps. Specifying the boundaries of allowable differences are either statistically or through empirical observation.Deviations must reply the undermentioned inquiriesWhere are dueThe factors that cause is inadvertent or nonThey could supplyPositive and negative elementsThe budget establishes quantitative and temporal action plansThe budget control gives specific content to power and duty of direction.The budgetary control system is an information and coordination activities.The budgetary control minimizes clip sensing of mistakes and accelerates the proce dure of work outing.There is besides the possibility that the budget will do jobs in effectual concern and human relationships, based on defective projections impose by autocratic no overall premiss of aims and a agency of patroling instead than encouragement of people in taking the right enterprises.Puting The TargetThe budget is based on normal and non standard. Serve short-run ends but must be aligned with a long-run strategic end. When you enter this strategic nonsubjective all waies and programs of action plans seek to accomplish.Such strategic aims areAddition market portionDecrease of production costsAddition Net incomeIncreasing engagementGoal scene is necessary becauseEstablishes a disciplined attack to work outing jobsEnters individual mindset in concernCoordinates the execution of plans and budgetsImportant FactsThe design can be long and short term.The strategic end is non structured job but a vision.The long design gives waies taking to vision.Long-run plans covering a period of 3-5 old ages and up to 10 old ages.The plans cover a short period of 6 months to 1 twelvemonth.The short plans are characterized by lucidity, true statement and item points non qualify long.It should nevertheless be noted that the

Aggression in Humans Essay

There atomic number 18 mevery different reason why a individual may work out aggressively towards other valet de chambre macrocosm. The person may mo this elbow room because of his background or the way he/she was brought up in life. A person does not act this way based on natural feeling alone. Is more like a melded, learned behavior. A human being must(prenominal) have both environmental and instinctual factors in order to show aggression. Some of a persons natural instincts are to desire food, reject some things, escape from danger, fight in a dangerous situations or when challenged. As well also sex desire, care for the young, control, and to accept substandard status. This combination of both instincts and environment determines a persons behavior and actions throughout life.This is based on the theory that everything human beings do would have to be learned from other human beings. Aggression must be learned as we grow. It is not just simply there from the moment of bir th. A person behavior is something that is taught to him rather than being an unmanageable instinct. For physical exertion, a newborn baby is breathing because it is an uncontrolled reaction. But on the other hand, a father may tell his young son to beat up the school buly who is picking on him. As a result, the boy is dealing with the situation by using violence.In order for a human being to display aggression, violence and anger, it must be driven by an instinct interacting with that persons surroundings. The word instinct is defined as an inherited or innate psycho-physical disposition which determines its possessor to perceive, and to pay attention to, objects of a certain class, to experience an emotional excitement of a particular quality upon perciving such an object, and to act in regard to its particular manner, or, at least, to experience an impulse to such action. This definition, explains that people have different reactions for different situations they are put in. The refore, an individual is evaluate to act a certain way when he is encouraged to do so from his surrounding environment. For example, an Eskimo does not have an inborn instinct that allows him to survive in his climate. He has to work with his people in order to survive when he is at a very young age.Furthermore, when people are brought up in a society, they learn a certain way of life and traditions. These customs are usually taught to them because its part of their societys way of life, redden if some of the customs may be brutal and horrible to others. For example, cannibalism is distasteful to us, but in some prehistoric cultures, to eat an enemy is to gain his or her strength. This aggressive behavior was taught to the people of this culture and is the cause for its existence. People need to have contact with aggressiveness in society in order to act aggressive. For example, there was a tribe in New Guinea, who were violent warriors that were always fighting and killing each o ther.The children of these people learned this aggressive act from their parents and so acted in the same way. A parents method of child rearing has a huge impact on the childs aggression. For example my own brother found a way, which will convince my parents to buy him what he wants. All he has to do is cry and if he doesnt bring what he wants he will start smashing, kicking and throwing thinks that he find around him.Moreover, when a group of people are isolated, their behavior does not tack unless they interact with other people. There was tribe made up of a group of people who were completely isolated fro the rest of the world. They did not show any signs of aggression due to the fact that they had no words for weapon, aggression, anger or war. All they did was pile uping food. So the tribe and had no use for weapons. The tribe scarce used knives and other things that might be thought as weapons or tools to gather food. They even rejected the spear, the bow and arrow becaus e they could not use them to gather food. There could not been anything in their genetic makeup that made them act in an aggressive or inactive manner. This was just their way of life that was taught from contemporaries to generation, to gather food which was needed to survive.The source of human aggression lies in factors such as society and culture. Aggression is a learned emotion that is strengthened up on different factors in a persons surrounding environment. It the combination of environment, society and culture that creates aggressive behavior. It is the persons instincts that are the basis for the three. While one tribe is a peaceful group of people, and the other a group of aggressive warriors. Both of the tribes hadthe ability for aggression and peaceful life but it was their environment, society and culture that have driven them to choose totally opposite paths.

Comparison and Contrast Uk and Russia

As two countries that bewilder different cultures, economics, and politics, Russia and United earth have developed their own grooming systems respectively, which have their discriminations and in certain circumstances similarities. In the paragraphs that follow, nigh major aspect of these will be covered. This analyse will present the main structures of the education systems in both countries and will comp ar and contrast the two systems in terms of number of taught subjects, the structure of educational launchs and the ability to pursue higher education at the universities. I will consider both pay and free education.Pre-higher education Todays education system in Russia is federal and centralized. Currently, it consists of, pre- instill education, primary education, secondary education of 5 years, full secondary education and higher education. Formal education is from the age of 7 till 18. The continuation of the school year is 34 weeks. Students be trained 5 to 6 days a week. In Russia, many types of secondary schools exist, such as common schools, lyceums, gymnasiums, etc. , and they teach variety of different educational programs. In Russia, as in the UK, private and public schools are differentiated.Basic education lasts for 9 years (9 classes). It is holy by successfully tone ending the GIA exam ( responsibility Final Attestation). After finishing 9 classes students are melodic theme to have acquired incomplete secondary education. At the end of the 11th class students pass the RSE exam (Russian State Exam) and successful pass completed their secondary education. Students normally go to university from the age of 18 to do their academician degree. A modern system of education in UK consists of early childhood education, primary education, secondary education and higher education.Across the country a free public education for all children between the ages of 5 to 16 years exists. The duration of the academic year at schools is 38 weeks. The year is divided into trimesters, which are separated by holidays summer (6 weeks), Christmas and Easter (2-3 weeks). A week break is provided in the mid of trimester. The working week lasts for 5 days. The school day usually lasts from 900 to 1530, with a lunch break in between. Although counterintuitive in UK paid schools are called public schools and free are called state schools. However for the purposes of this essay I will name chools which are paid private, which are free public. They take the primary school graduates with different levels of mental abilities. They were organized with the aim of creating equal opportunities for education. In grammar schools the child receives a general swiftness secondary education. The principle of differentiated curriculum serves as the basis of teaching at this type of schools. extravagantly School is completed by successfully cursory the GCSE exams (General Certificate of Secondary reading). _________________________________________ ______________________________________ (http//www. mpeloverseas. com/StudyAbroad/UK/UK-Education-System. aspx) Higher education Education in Russia is provided predominantly by the state and is getd by the Ministry of Education and Science. Regional authorities regulate education within their jurisdictions in context of the prevailing framework of federal laws. Depending on the number of areas of study, students are divided into colleges, universities, academies and institutes. University graduates may have following qualifications bachelor, graduate, masters degree in the relevant areas of training (specialization).Graduate who has successfully passed the net state certification by doing an accredited educational program in an accredited educational institute receives a transcript of his qualifications of his level of education. Russia is in the process of mig rank from its traditional tertiary education model, incompatible with alive Western academic degrees, to a modernized de gree structure in line with Bologna surgery model. Russia had enacted a law that replaces the traditional five-year model of education with a two-tiered approach, namely a four-year bachelors degree followed by a two-year of masters (Russian magistr) degree.However, regardless of the changes made by the state, training methodology and the quantity of taught subjects have survived. In the first two years of an undergrad degree, all students regardless of their degree end up studying between 12 and 15 subjects. And on the third and fourth courses, it reduces to 3 to 5 subjects specifically targeting their chosen profession. Furthermore general education in Russia is free and is guaranteed by the constitution of the country. However there is also an option of paid education. Furthermore if a andidate has fallen short of the entry requirements of any peculiar(prenominal) university, the university commission may give him an opportunity to still study there, but on paid basis. In a ll public universities 80% of the seats are for free study, and only 20% is for paid. All students who are studying for free get a stipend (study salary). The fellowship amount is dependent on the rating of the university. However Russian education for international students is only on paid for basis, but they have the opportunity to study free if they receive a special scholarship from the Russian state.It is conditional on passing an exam called RSE (Russian State Exam). There are also few private universities, which are can do state diplomas. But often, due to low ratings in the league table and poorer quality of education, these universities are non popular. In Russia, a degree from a state university is valued higher than independent one, for the purposes of a upcoming employment. Historically in UK, all undergraduate education outside the private University of Buckingham and BPP University College was largely state-financed, with a nonaged contribution from top-up fees, ho wever fees of up to ? ,000 per annum will be charged from October 2012 onwards2. - The typical first degree offered at English universities is the bachelors degree, and usually lasts for three years. Many institutions now offer an undergraduate masters degree as a first degree, which typically lasts for four years. During a first degree students are known as undergraduates. The difference in fees between undergraduate and traditional postgraduate masters degrees (and the possibility of securing LEA funding for the former) makes taking an undergraduate masters degree as a first degree a more attractive option.However the novelty of an undergraduate masters degrees means that the relative educational merit of it is currently unclear. 2 ( http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Education_in_EnglandFees) Some universities offer a parttime education, which typically lasts for two years and is tailored for those students who want to do their university degree but also inclination to remain in empl oyment. Regarding the number taught subjects, British universities concentrate most of their attention on subjects that are require for ones profession. They are usually no more than -5 subjects and make up core of the degree. Studying and successfully passing these subjects is crucial for one to qualify in their degree. Such system makes it possible for universities to prepare highly clever workers. It helps for the graduates to be competitive in the labor market, as professional edge is crucial in directlys era of globalization and migration of labor from around the world. Regardless of the differences and similarities of educational systems in the UK and Russia, education dust one of the most important aspects of the development of the country.

The Advantages of a Codified Constitution Now Outweigh the Disadvantages

The advantages of a codified theme now outstrip the disadvantages The attest evokes that the advantages of a codified authorship do not now outweigh the disadvantages. In codified exploitups, polices are entrenched which makes it harder for them to evolve and adapt to modern requirements beca theatrical role it takes a long snip for a response due to the required procedures, which might involve gaining two-thirds majority in the legislature or approval by referendum.As a result, one(a) post make do that countries with codified constitutions struggle to find a resolution to their dogmatic laws. For example, the USA are still unable to introduce stricter gun laws because it opposes the constitutional dependable for citizens to bear arms, even though nowadays American citizens are less(prenominal) likely to require guns compared to when the American constitution was written in 1787. Recent events such as the Newtown shooting demonstrated the necessity for alterations.Wher eas the UKs uncodified constitution benefits from its flexibility as it can easily adapt to changing circumstances because Parliament can pass new acts relatively quickly and easily without delay when the attitudes of society change. The increase in the use of referendums all over constitutional changes such as the devolution of power to Wales and Scotland in 1997 and the Good Friday Agreement in 1998 illustrate the adaptability of the constitution because power was devolved a year after the referendum.However some argue that Britains uncodified constitution lacks clarity as it doesnt exist in one clear document. Instead it consists of some written documents such as statues, court judgements and treaties but also conventions. Therefore by having a codified constitution, it would chivy customary awareness and the British public would understand their rights better. Furthermore it has been suggested that it could improve the problem of political ignorance and spiritlessness in Brit ain because the turnout for the past three General elections have been below 70%, which is achieved by other modern democracies.Nevertheless one can argue that uncodified constitutions result in stronger government because the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty creates supreme authority within the political establishment. The executive can exercise significant control over the legislative process in the House of Commons. Therefore power is concentrated amongst representatives who have been democratically select and have a mandate to govern in place of appointed judges or bureaucrats who cannot be held accountable. A codified onstitution would place constraints on the government making it less decisive and indeed less strong because government would be reluctant to act in case it is seen as opposing the constitution. rather some argue that the executive has too much power which threatens individual rights. Therefore some suggest that a codified constitution would help to saf eguard citizens rights because at the moment Britain has adopted the European Convention on Human Rights by passing the Human Rights Act 1998, which is considered weak as it could be overridden by Parliament due to Parliamentary sovereignty.Furthermore the European Convention on Human rights is part of UK law however its terms are not determined in the UK, whereas a codified constitution would allow in a statement of rights in the UK which would be controlled domestically. However the government is held to account by the British public in general elections because the First Past The Post (FPTP) electoral system favours the two party system which effectively gives voters the opportunity to choose between alternative governments as it normally produces a majoritarian result.Some also argue that a codified constitution would bring the UK in line with most other modern democracies. This has ferment a pressing issue since the UK joined the EU, making political relations between the UK and the EU challenging for both parties to understand as the UKs relationship with the EU is codified in the various treaties such as Nice (2001) and Lisbon (2009), which would be easier to comprehend if the UK adopted a codified constitution. Conversely one can argue that the UKs uncodified constitution has worked well for centuries and there have been no violent revolutions or major political unrest.Change has occurred naturally rather than when reformers have campaigned for it. Furthermore, the creation of a codified constitution would be difficult and could incur many unwanted problems because much of the UKs constitution lies within unwritten conventions, specially in relation to the monarchy and prerogative powers. There would be difficulties in putting them into written form. In conclusion, the evidence clearly suggests that the advantages of a codified constitution do not outweigh the disadvantages because it would make our current constitution less flexible and could leav e citizens with outdated laws.Therefore codified constitutions create weaker governments who are less likely to make natural changes as they may fall foul of the fixed constitution. Additionally the codified constitution would put forward judges and bureaucrats with more power when scrutinising legislature even though they have not been democratically elected, therefore power is rightly centralised to the executive, helping to establish a strong government. The evidence also suggests that a codified constitution would incur more problems in transferring prerogative powers rather than solving current problems with the uncodified constitution.

Into Communication in Health and Social Care

Q 6 Give four examples of how you hobo you check a person has understood what you chance upon slip byd ? To check by repeating whethet the person has understood. tail Be checked the person is following the control what has given By responding if the person has understood what has said to him By showing reaction. Q 3 A You pass on have to know how to recognise what is being communicated to you and be able to commmunicate with others with bug out always having to use words.Consider narration How and When to Seek Advice About CommunicationWhen carried out the previous activity you get out have found out that in that location are many factors that told you what your patiant was trying to communicate it is not provided the expression on multitude s faces that tells you to the highest degree how they fell Q 2 Identify five ways communication can serve up you in your work and why ? 1 Writing reports -I impart write report more or less man-to-mans so beside pause staff ca n read and affect accordingly. By completing charts and records. I pull up stakes pertain in the attention plan if any Changes have made in my shift which will athletic supporter for all staff.I will communicate with my colleagues and pass all nurture regarding psyches. By recording and sharing reserve knowledge. 3 Explain why it is important to observe an individual s reactions (facial expressions,body language etc) when communication with them ? entirely communication has an effect on the person you are communication with it is a two way mathematical process called an interaction, and it is important that you watch the effects so that any problems can be identified and dealt with.Any relationship comes about through communication in order to be in force(p) in providing care and support, you must learn to be a good communicator. Buy communication is more than more than call on the carpeting to people. People communicate through A speaking,facial expression,body langu age, position,dress,gestures. 4 Indentify twelve breastworks to effective communication ? 1 not listening 2 Using jargon 3 Using slang 4 personal bar 5 Attitudinal barrier 6 Interpersonal communication 7 Poor lighting 8 inappropriate temperture Lack of staple communication skills 10 Lack of knowledge horny interference Semantic communication Q 9 How do you seek advice regarding confidentiality ? You should seek advice on confidentiality when of all time you are asked to disclose information (whether in writing or verbally) about an identifiable individual that. Includes information about both clients and colleagues. The lonesome(prenominal) time it permissible to break confidentiality is if you receive information. That an individual is considering actions that may rent harm to themselves or others. 0 When would you ask for advice about confidentiality ? The only time you seek advice when a infant or adult has spoke to you in confidentiality is when that person is in danger for example. If being sexually abused. physically abused. Threatening to kill them selves etc. If the person in care is not in any danger past what is spoken amid carer and caregiver has to remain between them two. Q 8 Give three examples of when confidential information may need to be passed on ? 1 To protect the best interests of the individual where they are venture at harm. To protect an indiviuals wellness. 3 To protect the health and safety. Q 7 What does the term confidentiality designate ? A It means that whatever information you tell to a returns will not be passed on and the person you see wont tell anyone that youve been to see him or her without your liberty . It gets more complicated if you want to talk to the service about something that he or she thinks may be harming you or someone else,like youre being put up by someone or someone is making you do something you dont want to do .If that happens the service will talk to you and try to persuad e you to get help. but if you dont change course the service can get help without your permission if he or she thinks its best for you. This will only happen if the service is concerned about your safety. Q 6 Give four examples of how you can you check a person has understood what you have communicated ? To check by repeating whethet the person has understood. 2 can Be checked the person is following the instruction what has given. 3 By responding if the person has understood what has said to him. 4 By showing reaction.Q 3 A You will have to know how to recognise what is being communicated to you and be able to commmunicate with others without always having to use words. When carried out the previous activity you will have found out that there are many factors that told you what your patiant was trying to communicate it is not only the expression on people s faces that tells you about how they fell. Q 2 Identify five ways communication can help you in your work and why ? 1 Writin g reports -I will write report about individuals so coterminous shift staff can read and affect accordingly. 2 By completing charts and records. I will mention in the care plan if any Changes have made in my shift which will help for all staff. 4 I will communicate with my colleagues and pass all information regarding individuals. 5 By recording and sharing appropriate information. Q 3 Explain why it is important to observe an individual s reactions (facial expressions,body language etc) when communicating with them ? All communication has an effect on the person you are communicating with it is a two way process called an interaction, and it is important that you watch the effects so that any problems can be identified and dealt with.Any relationship comes about through communication in order to be effective in providing care and support,you must learn to be a good communicator. Buy communication is practically=0D=0Amore than talking to people. People communicate through speaki ng,facial expression,body language, position,dress,gestures. Q 4 Indentify twelve barriers to effective communication ? 1 Not listening 2 Using jargon 3 Using slang 4 Physical barrier 5 Attitudinal barrier 6 Interpersonal communication 7 Poor lighting 8 Inappropriate temperture Lack of basic communication skills 10 Lack of knowledge 11 Emotional interference 12 Semantic communication=0D=0A Q 2 Identify five ways communication can help you in your work and why ? 1 Writing reports -I will write report about individuals so adjoining shift staff can read and affect accordingly. 2 By completing charts and records. 3 I will mention in the care plan if any Changes have made in my shift which will help for all staff. 4 I will communicate with my colleagues and pass all information regarding individuals. By recording and sharing appropriate information. =0D=0AQ 3 Explain why it is important to observe an individual s reactions (facial expressions,body language etc) when communi cating with them ? All communication has an effect on the person you are communicating with it is a two way process called an interaction, and it is important that you watch the effects so that any problems can be identified and dealt with. Any relationship comes about through communication in order to be effective in providing care and support,you must learn to be a good communicator.Buy communication is much more than talking to people. People communicate through speaking,facial expression,body language, position,dress,gestures. Q 4 Indentify twelve barriers to effective communication ? 1 Not listening 2 Using jargon 3 Using slang 4 Physical barrier 5 Attitudinal barrier 6 Interpersonal communication 7 Poor lighting 8 Inappropriate temperture 9 Lack of basic communication skills 10 Lack of knowledge 11 Emotional interference 12 Semantic communication Q 9 How do you seek advice regarding confidentiality ? You should seek advice on confidentiality when ever you are asked to disclose information (whether in writing or verbally) about an identifiable individual that. Includes information about both clients and colleagues. The only time it permissible to breach confidentiality is if you receive information. That an individual is considering actions that may bring harm to themselves or others. Q 10 When would you ask for advice about confidentiality ? The only time you seek advice when a child or adult has spoke to you in confidentiality is when that person is in danger for example. If being sexually abused. Physically abused.Threatening to kill them selves etc. If the person in care is not in any danger then what is spoken between carer and caregiver has to remain between them two. Q 8 Give three examples of when confidential information may need to be passed on ? 1 To protect the best interests of the individual where they are risk at harm. 2 To protect an indiviuals health 3 To protect the health and safety. Q 7 What does the term confidential ity mean ? It means that whatever information you tell to a service will not be passed on and the person you see wont tell anyone that youve been to see him or her without your permission .It gets more complicated if you want to talk to the service about something that he or she thinks may be harming you or someone else,like youre being hurt by someone or someone is making you do something you dont want to do . If that happens the service will talk to you and try to persuade you to get help. but if you dont agree the service can get help without your permission if he or she thinks its best for you. This will only happen if the service is concerned about your safety.

Self Presentation

Self presentation When you meet someone for the first time, it comes to your mind a certain upshot nigh him or her. On the other side, that person also canvass a certain depiction about you. This impression might be positive or negative. It depends on how you present yourself to others. Unfortunately, the first impression is sometimes unfair because the person you meet for the first time may take a wrong impression about you. For example, my friend told me that before we became close friends, she was speculateing that I am arrogant, but when she became close to me, she observe that she took a wrong impression about me.In fact, I am not sociable and I dont take the initiative in getting to know others. That is why those who do not know me well think i am arrogant, but that is not true about me. The first impression whether it is true or not may affect the representation you treat people and how they treat you forever. For example, I fall in love with someone. When we first meet each other, he told me that he belongs to the royal family. Later, I discovered that he was lying to me. I know that he is from the upper class and he belongs to a prominent family, so there was no need to lie about his family name.Actually, because of this lie, I took an impression about him that he is not trustworthy, so we broke up. In most cases, the first impression lasts forever, so you should present yourself in a good image. To remove others take a good impression about you, you must consider the following First, be yourself. Dont tell anything that is not true about you. Show your real personality. Second, take care of your appearance. Your garnish should be clean and appropriate to the customs of society in which you live. Moreover, be careful in your appointments.If you obey the meeting on time, you will get others respect because it shows that you care about them. In addition, smile to your audience, contain eye contact when you speak and listen and Speak clearly to let your audience understand what you say. Furthermore, contract your words which express what you want to say correctly. In short, we all should present ourselves in the right way to let others take a good impression about us in order to make relationships last longer. Samira Said Al Hajri. Assignment 1. Social psychology_D1.

Impact of Culture on the Spread of Hiv/Aids in Kenya

bdalla A. Bafagih Professor Trent Newmeyer Sociology of aid Soc 309Y1F June 21, 2004 Impact of Culture on the Spread of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome in Kenya a national horti sociableisation is not a folklore, nor an abstract populism that believes it can discover the heaps true nature. a national flori tillage is the whole body of the efforts make by a mickle in the sphere of thought to describe, retri exactlyiveify and praise the action through and through which that people has created itself and keeps itself in existence (Fanon, Frantz). Introduction Culture, even in the twenty first century, has numerous denotations.In various separate of the world, it has been and is still considered to be important for the development of civilization and of peoples minds a finical participation or civilization is considered in relation to its beliefs, ways of feeling and values. In short, culture plays a significant role in a groups quest for identi ty and is at that placefore at the centre of the socio- pagan development of a people, region or even county in damage of identity and politics-it serves as a code of life that must be fol imprinted under any circumstances even with an human immunodeficiency virus/ aid epidemic.These observations help top responses to our central thesis that heathen barriers and the ensuing gender bias start not only perpetuated the rotate of human immunodeficiency virus/ help among women, moreover be also hindering an effective human immunodeficiency virus/ assist cake campaign in Kenya. Our localize is that HIV/AIDS preponderance is a gendered issue because women in nearly split of the developing world, due(p) to the repressive cultural practices women bear no index finger. Furthermore women continue to be betrayed by superannuated traditional norms much(prenominal) as leave hereditary pattern, leave cleansing, polygamy and gender inequality, as is the grapheme in parts o f Kenya.When these issues may seem to differ, in reality they be intertwined and date foul to generations. To be hit matters worse those infected with HIV, both women and men blame witchcraft as the source of death (McGeary, J. sequence Magazine, p, 30). Moreover as Madhu Bala Nath states myths atomic number 18 also rooted in the nature of denial that is associated with HIV/AIDS. Because HV/AIDS is so frightening, there is a temptation to deny the existence of the disease (2001, p, 32). Such denial plays a large part in sustaining such let outdated practices.We should point out from the outset that the incumbent bad practices were at one(a) time seen as strength (pre HIV/AIDS era) since they were really helpful and earmark for their communities. Among the merits of such traditional practices were, among opposites, the widows security at nervus the household was guaranteed and the orphaned children were guaranteed the extended family livelihood and therefore option wi thin the community. It was meant to ensure the widow and children never became homeless.According to the Washington Post, In Western Kenya, the custom-made known as married woman inheritance once held an honorable promise A community would arrest cargon of a widow and her children. She did not remarry. Her preserves family simply took responsibility for her. If a brother-in-law could not c are for her, past a cousin or a respected outsider would. The inheritor made sure that the widow and her children were fed, clothed, sheltered, educated, protected, kept (Buckley, Stephen.Washington Post, November 8, 1997). For the purpose of this paper, we take a position that the revolve of HIV/AIDS has rendered what were once cultural assets into assassinatedly liabilities particularly towards women and children. That is why there is a need to be creative and embrace selection religious rites that do not involve risky sexual carriage. Our position is that inheritance per se is not bad, but widow inheritance and cleansing that stake the lives of the widow and the inheritor/ advancer should be discarded.Wife inheritance or wife cleansing involves an inheritor who has his own family. As reported by the Washington Post he infects his first wife and the widow he has inherited. Then he dies, and two other men inherit the women he leaves behind. Those men die. And then their widows are inherited (ibid. ). It is this vicious circle that explains the rising HIV grade in Kenya. Kenya has vibrant and diverse cultural groups but somewhat groups elevate ethnicity to a higher place nationalism.This makes it sometimes knotted to deal with intra and inter cultural norms or to undertake reforms of certain entrenched traditions. On one progress you entertain believers in Christianity who are more ordaining to abandon certain outdated traditions such as those discussed in this paper. For instance, a Kenyan bishop, cal conduct on widows to take a stand against wife inheritan ce (Gonza, Sam. 2000, p, 1). On the other hand you have the rigid traditionalists who are not open to any reforms or changes within traditions.There is usually no middle ground and unfortunately it cuts across class lines. We agree with the position put up forward by Human Rights Watch in their report entitled dual Standards Womens plaza Rights Violations in Kenya that as important as cultural diversity and respecting customs may be, if customs are a source of discrimination against women, they like any other norm-must evolve (2003, p, 2). Kenya has approximately forty tribes, which are co-related to the four greater ethnic groups (Buckley, Stephen.Washington Post, November 8, 1997) Bantu, Nilo-Hamitic, Nilotic and Hamitic (see figure i). Because of its neighboring, cultures are related to each other within Kenya and in the border countries such as Uganda, Tanzania, Ethiopia and Sudan. pic Figure i Source http//www. lib. utexas. edu/maps/kenya. html It get out be imperative for this paper to hand over short historical events in Kenya so as to take into account a proper understanding of both the internal and external dynamics of this coun discover.Kenya attained its independence from Britain in 1963 and has a population of thirty two jillion (32 million). 1 Kenya like other Sub-Saharan countries is a mankind of European scramble for Africa. 2 As a result same ethnic groups are presently dispersed across variant countries. The boundaries are like artificial divisions in a way that the people cannot be checked at all border-crossing zones. pic Figure ii Source http//www. lib. utexas. edu/maps/kenya. html The point, which we want to discuss, is that it is difficult to try to onvince these communities to abandon some of their practices, because they feel that at the end, abandoning their customs, would completely wipe out their culture and eventually well-to-do their identity. In some African countries, various ethnic groups are the minorities and would w ant to keep intact their culture for the purpose of their own identity, so as to enable them to negotiate any policy-making power in the set upment (Kanyiga, Karuti. 1998, p, 7)). On the other hand the ethnic groups, which are the majority, would want to maintain their hegemony and are not ready to change their traditions (ibid).Thus why dealing with health issues such as HIV/AIDS creates pro prove consequences. Current HIV/AIDS Situation in Kenya The synopsis to the advancedest degree Kenya is not good at all. United Nations AIDS (UNAIDS) reports that over 2 million out of a total population of 29. 5 million (2000) were infected with HIV and a cumulative number of 1. 5 million people had died due to AIDS. The high prevalence rates of HIV/AIDS have negatively impacted life hope to the bound that it has dropped by approximately 13 years to 51 years (1998) while GDP decreased by -0. in 2000 and is expected to worsen in coming years. The average literacy rate is estimated at 78 % (1995) and total fertility rate in Kenya is about 4. 4 (1998). Approximately 30% of the population lives in urban areas and more than half of the population live under the poverty line, women constituting the majority. UNAIDS estimates that about 500 persons died of AIDS each day in the region in 1999. (www. unaids. org/Unaids/EN/geographical+area/by+country/kenya. asp).According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the estimated number of adults and children living with HIV/AIDS, in Kenya end of 2001 stands as follows Adults and children 2,500,000, Adults (15-49) 2,300,000, Women (15-49) 1,400,000 and Children 220,000, current living orphans, 890, 000, estimated number of death due to AIDS (2001), 190, 000 and the current adult rate of 15. 0 percent (www. who. int/hiv/pub/epidemiology/pubfacts/en/). Furthermore, the Human Rights Watch Report (2001) indicates that an estimated 2. million adults and children live with HIV/AIDS, representing about 14 percent of the sexually act ive population. The scary statistic is that Kenya has the ninth highest HIV prevalence rate in the world to the extent that the U. S. Census Bureau projections indicate that by 2005, there will be about 820 deaths per day from AIDS in Kenya. (http//www. hrw. org/reports/2001/kenya/kenya0701-03. htmP144_18884). Factors behind the Gendered HIV/AIDS rates in Kenya. Through culture and party, we are able to transmit skills and other systems of social relations to modify our environment.But that has not been possible with women in Kenyan in both campestral and urban areas even in the event of a HIV/AIDS epidemic with no cure in sight. Since our beliefs and ways of life are inseparable from our particular cultures, it is common for people to reject a behavior if it is not signified in their cultures social code. It is however much harder for the marginalized groups like women and girls to reject what is supposedly part of their culture as is the reference among the Luo and Luhya3 of Ke nya where they practice their culture to a fault.In such cases, individual behavior patterns alone are not accountable for the ascertained high-risk activities that cause HIV/AIDS. Needless to say, HIV/AIDS transmission in parts in Kenya is mostly through heterosexual relations. Because of blind loyalty to their culture, legion(predicate) another(prenominal) within the group (most educated women with the economic means to support themselves are now increasingly defiant against certain regressive policies like widow inheritance) in a society which has its own subculture, a good deal face social risks, such as wife (widow) inheritance, to the extent that failure can result in exclusion from participating in communal events.For example, women who disclaim to be inherited among the Luo and Luhya automatically lose their right to remain within their households, because their behavior is considered odd. Consequently women are frequently subject to violence, abuse, scorn and ridicule and other expressions of hate (HRW, 2003, pp, 16-21). Similarly, when it comes to apportioning blame as to who is the trusty party for bringing HIV/AIDS among married couples it is usually women who are blamed even though in most cases, it is the men who have multiple partners.That goes to show that in the name of culture, women in Kenya decree themselves in subordinate positions to men and are socially, culturally, and economically qualified on them. Because of the cultural biases, women are mostly excluded from decision making, have limited access to and control over resources, are restricted in their mobility, and are often under threat of violence from male relatives (that is why many women have no weft when it comes to certain tyrannous rituals, because they have no where else to return to should they be evicted from their late husbands property) (ibid).In many cases, women in many parts of Kenya are perpetual minors subject to the guardianship of their male relatives an d husbands. As a result, not only are their statuses lower than that of men, but also their condition is also dependent on that of their men folk. This subordination of women is connected to the distribution of power in society. In Kenya, economic, social and political power accrued to men partially as a result of their control of women, even though the thinking was and still is that a prosperous homestead depended on female reproduction and production.This keeps such oppressive rituals like widow inheritance in practice. Additionally, the gendered HIV/AIDS prevalence rates illuminate how gender as a constitutive element of social relationships. The Human Rights Watch of 2003, stated that of the 1. 4 million were women and girls with HIV positive, between the ages of fifteen and forty nine, this clearly shows how differences between sexes-power relationship within and between different women, urban versus verdant and single versus married is very much embedded within society.Furthe rmore, the rape of primaeval human rights, and especially reproductive rights of women, plays an important part in perpetuating gender inequity and the observed HIV/AIDS prevalence rates in Kenya. As discussed in some parts of Kenya certain groups have taken Fanons dictum above about culture to new levels (p, 42), which have resulted in the discrimination, violation of womens rights and have placed women at great risk of contacting HIV. The impact has been traumatic on women as members of a community that continues to marginalize them in alls aspects of life.Yet women continue to provide care as wives, mothers, daughters, nurses, teachers, and grandmothers towards the sick, the dying and the orphaned children, many of whom are traumatized by the loss of their loved ones from AIDS. Unfortunately, in most parts of Kenya as clear elsewhere in Sub-Saharan Africa, as Fanon further argued, societies have not acknowledged the totality of culture and its vital role within the context of culture and history (p, 43).What we know and will be shown in this move is that an examination of cultural practices allow us to know the nature and extent of the imbalance and conflicts (economic, social and cultural) which characterize the evolution of a society culture allows us to know the dynamic synthesis which have been developed and established by social conscie nce to resolve these conflicts at each stage of its evolution in search for survival and progress (ibid).In the case of Kenya, and elsewhere as it was made clearer in this course, the quest for in Kenya such attitudes pervade all aspects of social life to the detriment of girls in particular and women in ecumenical. Evidently, the take place theme in Kenya is the conflict between modernity and tradition that is often treated in terms of its relevance to women and men, rural versus urban or what it means to belong to a particular ethnic group. This goes to the heart of gender equity, property rights, agrarian refor m and its p deplumelematic impact on women.In parts of Kenya, those who believe that culture is stagnant kinda than vibrant to the extent that oppressions against women are presented in terms of cultural harmony and the survival of entire ethnicities have hindered the process of social liberation by women. Some of the cultural traditions discussed include wife (widow) inheritance, widow cleansing and polygamy all of which contributed to the lack of secure property rights that result into the violation of human rights for women, and the observed disparity in HIV/AIDS rates between men and women in Kenya. 4 Unfortunately westerners including many of our classmates sometimes do not seem to understand that countries like Kenya have very poor laws that govern human freedoms and rights like the Canadian Charter of Freedoms and Rights. Women in Kenya are routinely discriminated against in most cases with the secret approval of the state. 5 While personal freedom and choice have sure eno ugh played a role in the rapid spread of HIV/AIDS elsewhere, where laws are enforced, in the case of Kenya, the interplay of culture and gender roles is to a great extent responsible for the statistics cited above in this essay.Although awareness of HIV/AIDS is reasonably high in Kenya this is not reflected in sexual behavioral changes, given the high prevalence and incidence of HIV/AIDS (Rosenvard, C and T. Campbell, 1996, p, 11). This finding reflects our thesis the entrenched cultural biases against women and girls can explain such behavior to the extent where awareness is high yet infections rates are also rising. It is not that Kenyans in general or women in particular are not rational, they are but they have become victims of outdated cultural traditions and gender biases.What this rather contradictory finding shows is the need to view the HIV/AIDS epidemic through, multiple lenses but most importantly through the lens of power inequality in society that are rooted in gender. Gender norms pervade all aspects of Kenyan culture and society to the extent that culture dominates anything else among the Luo and Luhya of Western Kenya. The marginalized status of women plays a key role in the spread of HIV/AIDS in Kenya as reflected in the UNAIDS and WHO figures.It is thus important to recognize the complex underlying factors influencing the role of women and how such roles affect African societies and behavior. In the traditional Kenyan society, women are expected to be submissive and to provide for their household at all times (Caldwell, 1989, p, 185). In Kenya especially in the rural setting, the womans marital status does not end when the person who married her dies she is by all accounts married to the kinsperson in the sense that under certain invented public traditions, the clan has the right to inherit her.Traditionally, Luo or Luhya women have little or no say in such matters of inheritance including the retention or overlap of resources such as ru ral area and property. According to Human Rights Watch Widows are often evicted from their homes as in-laws rob them of their possessions and invade their homes and lands. These unlawful appropriations happen even more readily when the husband died of AIDS In some places, widows are forced to undergo customary, sexual practices such as wife inheritance or ritual cleansing in order to keep their property. Wife inheritance is where a male relative of the dead husband takes over the widow as a wife, often in a polygamous family. groom usually involves sex with a social outcast who is paid by the dead husbands family, supposedly to cleanse the woman of her dead husbands evil spirits. In both of these rituals, safer sex is seldom practiced and sex is often coerced.Women who fight back are routinely beaten, raped, or ostracized (Double Standards Womens Property Rights Violations in Kenya) (http//www. hrw. rg/reports/2001/kenya/TopOfPage). While the quotation above tells us sufficient sto ry about the problems facing Kenyan women, Human Rights Watch report entitled, Double Standards Womens Property Rights Violations in Kenya captures the agony of Kenyan women in their own voices. It is thus important to reproduce just three of their experiences below to capture what Human Right Watch calls the heinous nature of womens property rights violations through personal interview. Human Rights Watch of 2001, reports, AIDS exacerbates those hardships. Jiwa, a fifty-five-year-old widow from western Kenya, verbalise that after her husband died, her brother-in-law brought a cleanser to her home to have sex with her. She objected, saying I dont know this mans HIV status, and if I die my children will suffer. Her brother-in-law and four cousins pushed the cleanser into Jiwas hut and he raped her. She screamed but the cleanser cover her mouth and the in-laws stood guard outside. The brother-in-law paid the cleanser with a cow, chickens, and clothing. Jiwa was then forced out of h er home and into a shoddy, makeshift hut. Her brother-in-law took over her land and furniture.She reported this to the village elder, who did nothing. Jiwa now has a persistent cough and has preoccupied much weight. She fears she contracted HIV from the cleanser but has not been tested and cannot afford medical treatment. Adhiambo, a thirty-year-old widow from Nairobi, said that when her husband died of AIDS in 1998 he left her HIV-positive with five children. She quickly went from existence relatively affluent to destitute after her husbands family took her property. Her in-laws grabbed household items from her Nairobi home and took over a rural home, land, and livestock even though Adhiambo helped pay to construct the house.Her father-in-law called a family meeting, told her to choose an in-law as an inheritor, and request her to be cleansed by having sex with a fisherman. Adhiambo refused, and fled when her in-laws peril her. She now struggles to meet her childrens basic nee ds, and her slum landlord has threatened to evict her. Imelda, a twenty-five-year-old widow with AIDS, lost her home, land, and other property in Kenya when her husband died in 2002. She told her in-laws that she had AIDS and wanted to stay in the house. They snatched her property anyway and wanted her to be inherited. She recalled I told my in-laws Im sick . . . but they took everything. I had to start over . . .. They took sofa sets, household materials, cows, a goat, and land. I said, Why are you pickings these things when you know my condition? They said, Youll go look for another husband. My in-laws do not believe in AIDS. They said that witchcraft killed my husband. (http//www. hrw. org/reports/2001/kenya/TopOfPage). The above tribulations capture the victims in their own words and show how widows inheritance and cleansing devalues the dignity of women.While case law establishes that family property may be evenly divided upon withdrawal or divorce in practice, the captured words of the three widows above, seems to differ. But above all, as has been our point of debate throughout this paper, under the very oppressive and discriminatory customary laws that are extremely influential in Kenya, it is the men who are accorded greater property rights than women. Other discriminatory practices are usually sexist customary tradition that obstruct womens equal rights to property and also prevent women from seeking redress for violations of these rights.Additionally, the problem is made worse by unresponsive authorities that ignore womens woes regarding property violations, and ineffective courts that are bias against women. However the greatest setback is the fact that many Kenyan women and men too have land problems where squatters are routinely evicted even though they have lived on such land for generations. The other is low level of awareness of their rights, the time and expense of pursuing claims, violence, and the social stigma of being considered gree dy or cultural traitors if they assert their rights. www. hrw. org/campaigns/women/property/factsheet. htm). Evidently, what the discussion above illustrates is that in Kenya, womens rights violations must be understood and combated in the context of Africas AIDS epidemic.In Kenya, 15 percent of the population between the ages of fifteen and forty-nine is infected with HIV, more than half of whom are women, and one out of eight adults in rural Kenya and one out of five adults in urban areas is infected, though most do not know it. AIDS has cut down life expectancy from sixty-five to forty-six years ((http//www. rw. org/reports/2001/kenya/TopOfPage). These figures are quite telling in that in Kenya, HIV/AIDS is worse among urban dwellers than is the case among rural dwellers. According to Dyson, the higher urban incidence rates are due to relatively high rates of social interaction and crowded urban living conditions and squalid living conditions (p, 427). Similar results for Sub-S aharan African in general, has been documented by Caldwell who found that urban levels of HIV infection rates are typically four to ten times those of rural areas (p, 44).In countries with a substantial level of urbanization, and home to some of the largest slum areas in Africa, the numbers are certainly depressing. Moreover as noted by Bollinger et al, Sometimes traditional practices that occur in Kenya, particularly in the rural areas, can contribute to the spread of HIV. For example, a director of the Kenyan governments AIDS efforts attributed the high prevalence rate in some parts of western Kenya to the practice of wife inheritance that exist there (5-6). These findings do illuminate our thesis.Furthermore given the feminization of poverty due to Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) policies (Cooper, 2002, 87), women in urban areas and also in rural areas find themselves on the economic margins where they are forced to enmesh in risky behaviors like prostitution. Moreover, beca use of SAP polices and the introduction of user fee in hospitals women are single out with regard to health and health care (ibid), a clear indication that gender inequalities have led to a systematic neglect of womens health and the gendered incidence of HV/AIDS in Kenya. It is not our invention to call such traditions as uncivilized or extreme.It would be naive to make this assumption and one has also to try to understand the dynamics of Africa and its communities at earlier times. Caldwell captures the reality that it is clear that lifestyle plays a dominant role in determining individuals chances of infection, and it seems probable that level of the disease over the coming decades is more likely to be decided by changing lifestyles than by medical breakthroughs. Those changes will be more successful, and least damaging to the society, if behavioral factors in the spread of the disease are well understood (p, 186).Conclusion This essay has outlined and argued that the disparity in HIV/AIDS prevalence rates between men and women are rooted in the cultural biases against women and girls such as widow inheritance in parts of Kenya. Our position in this essay has been that the cultural barriers and the ensuing gender bias have not only perpetuated the spread of HIV/AIDS among women, but are also hindering an effective HIV/AIDS prevention campaign in Kenya. We have shown the linkages between cultural biases against women and girls and the spread of HIV/AIDS.The challenge has been to decouple the public opinion that addressing women rights in Kenya is a western value or that concerns of equity must take a back seat in the struggle against HIV/AIDS epidemic. We recognize that eliminating all forms of discrimination against women in Kenya will take time, but the government must start to enforce existing laws to protect women against repressive cultural practices like widow inheritance. The people must be told that culture is not static but rather dynamic, and sh ould be encouraged to discard risky cultural traditions and activities that expose women to HIV/AIDS and thus endanger their lives.From this course (Sociology 309), we know the relationship between safe and improved reproductive rights such as change magnitude condom use and the health status of women are crucial in fighting the spread of HIV/AIDS. As shown in this paper there is a positive correlation between womens risky health status and their susceptibility to HIV/AIDS particularly in urban areas, inequitable gender relations and womens poverty and powerlessness in society especially in rural areas.Finally, the Kenyan stakeholders politicians, church leaders, civil society, NGOs, women leaders, youth groups, cultural and traditional leaders, must deal urgently with the existing power inequality among the sexes, that accounts for the excessive burden of HIV/AIDS transmission and the consequences on women in general who have so far been hit most by the spread of HIV/AIDS. That trend needs to be reversed if Kenya is to stem the devastating impact of HIV/AIDS epidemic and its distressing impact on the Kenyan society at large.